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This monograph reviews the epidemiological, demographic, and
biological basis of population models of human mortality. These
investigations were motivated by the desire to better understand
the regularities of survival processes among adults -- especially
at extreme late ages where empirical data is currently limited. The
monograph discusses biological mechanisms, which shape the
age-patterns of mortality. The effects of an individual health
state, susceptibility to diseases and death, or physical frailty on
changes in late age survival are also investigated.
Book & Disk. This volume is an array of demographic data which
can often be pictured in an intelligible and graphically striking
way by a shaded contour map. The data might pertain to population
levels or to rates of fertility, marriage, divorce, migration,
morbidity, or mortality. Most often the data are structured by age
and time (eg: age-specific death rates over time). Shaded contour
maps permit visualisation of such demographic surfaces and offer a
panoramic view impossible to obtain from the usual graphs of levels
or rates at selected ages over time or a selected times over age.
Contour maps are particularly effective in highlighting patterns in
the interaction of age, period, and cohort effects. This monograph
presents a bouquet of shaded contour maps to suggest the broad
potential of their use in population studies. The value of such
maps lies in their substantive import. Graphic designs, E R Tufte
concluded, should give "visual access to the subtle and difficult,
that is, the revelation of the complex". Demographic surfaces can
be particularly complex. A mortality surface, for example, might be
defined over a century of age and a century of time, comprising
10,000 date points that may vary over four orders of magnitude.
Shaded contour maps are an arresting, efficient, and clear means of
giving demographers visual access to such data. William Playfair,
the pioneer of graphic methods for presenting statistical data,
argued that with a good visual display "as much information may be
obtained in five minutes as would require whole days to imprint on
the memory, in a lasting manner, by a table of figures". The 100
shaded contour maps in this monograph summarise more than a half
million data points in a memorable, revealing manner.
This volume is a critical exposition of the data and analyses from
a full decade of rigorous research into how age-related changes at
the individual level, along with other factors, contribute to
morbidity, disability and mortality risks at the broader population
level. After summarizing the state of our knowledge in the field,
individual chapters offer enlightening discussion on a range of key
topics such as age trajectory analysis in select and general
populations, incidence/age patterns of major chronic illnesses, and
indices of cumulative deficits and their use in characterizing and
understanding the detailed properties of individual aging. The book
features comprehensive statistical analyses of unique longitudinal
data sets including the unique resource of the Framingham Heart
Study, with its more than 60 years of follow-up. Culminating in
penetrating conclusions about the insights gained from the work
involved, this book adds much to our understanding of the links
between aging and human health.
This volume is a critical exposition of the data and analyses from
a full decade of rigorous research into how age-related changes at
the individual level, along with other factors, contribute to
morbidity, disability and mortality risks at the broader population
level. After summarizing the state of our knowledge in the field,
individual chapters offer enlightening discussion on a range of key
topics such as age trajectory analysis in select and general
populations, incidence/age patterns of major chronic illnesses, and
indices of cumulative deficits and their use in characterizing and
understanding the detailed properties of individual aging. The book
features comprehensive statistical analyses of unique longitudinal
data sets including the unique resource of the Framingham Heart
Study, with its more than 60 years of follow-up. Culminating in
penetrating conclusions about the insights gained from the work
involved, this book adds much to our understanding of the links
between aging and human health.
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